What can deuterium do for OLED displays?

OLED has become the display technology of choice for many commercial products such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, TVs, automotive dashboards, and wearables. OLED has advantages with improved image quality (better contrast, higher brightness, fuller viewing angle, wider color range, and faster refresh rates), lower power consumption, and simpler designs (ultra-thin, flexible, foldable, and transparent displays).

OLED, however, faces several technical challenges. While OLED TVs yield better picture quality than common LCDs, they are usually less bright. Research using a compound that has at least one hydrogen replaced with its heavier isotope, deuterium, is showing promise toward achieving greater brightness. Since the bonds between carbon and deuterium are stronger than those between carbon and hydrogen, materials made with deuterated compounds tend to have a longer lifetime, which allows OLED displays to run brighter but still last as long.Recent advances in R&D and improved manufacturing have significantly increased the longevity of OLED displays. Deuterium is already being used in novel OLED manufacturing processes and R&D, as it was found to grant stabilization properties. Due to a neutron's presence, the atomic mass of deuterium is twice as much as protium – the most common isotope of hydrogen. Therefore, deuterium’s bond lengths and bond energy are also different from those of protium. These changes are known as kinetic isotope effects (KIE).Deuterated compounds are used in OLED components responsible for the emission of blue light. These blue light-emitting components tend to degrade the fastest, because the inherent nature of blue light has a high frequency. Relying on the deuterium KIE, the lifetime of these components can be extended by five- to 20-fold and improve the efficiency of an OLED device.

Researchers have found that replacing hydrogen with deuterium during the final wafer sintering process of OLED production can significantly reduce hot electron degradation effects in metal oxide semiconductor transistors due to a new giant isotope effect. Transistor lifetime improvements by factors of 10-50 can be observed in other areas of semiconductor device processing and fabrication.

Deuterium is present in natural water at a ratio of one deuterium atom for every 6,400 hydrogens; however, there are few heavy-water production facilities to concentrate deuterium-containing water (D₂O). CIL Isotope Separations (CIS) in Xenia, OH, a fully owned subsidiary of Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. (CIL), houses the world’s largest commercial D₂O enrichment columns. This gives CIS the unique ability to re-enrich D₂O (deuterium oxide), which allows the recycling of used or unused D₂O. 

Other deuterated compounds are used in electronics manufacture, such as deuterated benzene, which has been proven to increase performance. By harnessing the KIE, manufacturers can produce better-performing electronics, faster microprocessors, and see an increased life span of their devices, including OLED screens. Bromobenzene-d₅ is used in the manufacturing of electronic components and OLED displays.

OLED – AMOLED and PHOLED

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are extensively used in devices such as television and mobile phone screens. OLEDs are generally made of thin layers of organic molecules between two electrodes. The devices emit light when an electric current flows through them.

Until a few years ago, the biggest technical problem for OLEDs was the limited lifetime of the organic materials, typically half that of LCD, LED, or PDP, as heat and oxidation generated during operation contribute to the instability of the chemicals. The problem was solved by deuterating some of the organic molecules used in OLEDs, which increases the lifetime of the device by a factor of five to 20 without adversely affecting other properties of the device.

Semiconductors

CIL is a primary manufacturer of ultrahigh-purity CO (UHP) for specialized electronic and other applications, achieving purities as high as 99.9995%. High-purity carbon monoxide is used in electronics and semiconductor applications.

Optical Fibers

Optical fibers are used extensively when transmitting data over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than traditional copper cables. However, in an internet-driven world hungry for data, it is crucial to achieve data transmission in the Gbps range. Traditional glass or plastic optical fibers have limited speeds due to the water peak absorption between 1360 nm and 1460 nm. Replacing the hydrogen with deuterium in the material now makes it possible to reach much higher speeds compatible with today’s demands.¹

Frequently Asked Questions

What do I do if I need multiple vials or carboys when returning D₂O for the D₂O Recovery Program? If you have more than ~16 L you may require multiple carboys, please just ask.

When returning D₂O for the D₂O Recovery Program should I fill the carboy to the top? No! Fill the bulk carboy container ~80% full. Most are shipped by FedEx Air, and if full, the carboy is likely to expand and possibly rupture the container.

Reference

1. Koike, Y. 2010. “Progress in Low-Loss and High-Bandwidth Plastic Optical Fibers,” Fundamentals of Plastic Optical Fibers, First Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA 139-166.

Example References

Beavis, G. 2021. LG OLED. TVs are about to get even better. Techradar.
Tsuji, H.; Mitsui, Chikahiko, M.; Nakamura, E. 2014. The hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect of the host material on the lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes. ChemComm, 50(94), 14870-14872.  PMID: 25325237
Koike, Y. 2010. Progress in low-loss and high-bandwidth plastic optical fibers. J Polymer Sci B Polymer Phys, 49(1), 2-17. Read more.   
Chang, K. 2005. The importance of minimizing hydrogen aging losses and alkali impurities OFS AllWave^® zero water peak (ZWP) fiber. Read more.